Pharmaceutical container and liquid composition

ABSTRACT

A pharmaceutical container for drug delivery includes a barrel configured to slidably receive a stopper. The stopper has a proximal end suitable for contacting a plunger rod and a distal end suitable for contacting a pharmaceutical composition. The stopper has a circumferential surface partially contacting an inner surface of the barrel. A surface roughness of the inner surface of the barrel declines from the stopper&#39;s start position to its end position by at least 3% of at least one of Ra roughness or Rms roughness.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims priority to European Patent Application EP19163309.8 filed on Mar. 15, 2019, which is incorporated herein byreference.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention

The present invention relates to pharmaceutical containers for drugdelivery, and liquid compositions.

2. Description of the Related Art

Pharmaceutical containers for drug delivery are as such known in theprior art. These containers usually feature a stopper useful for elutingthe contents of the container through an outlet. The stopper must slidewithin the container.

In most of these containers the stopper is moved from a proximal startposition to a distal end position using finger force. Finger force islimited so that the force needed to remove the stopper form its startposition (break loose force) cannot be too high. Also it cannot be toolow so that the stopper is not moved accidentally before the intendedapplication of the drug. Further, the force needed to move the stopperfrom its start position to its end position (glide force) should not betoo high for the same reasons.

Generally, very low break loose and glide force values can be achievedby choosing a stopper with a very small outer diameter relative to thecontainer's inner diameter. However, if the stopper's outer diameter istoo small it will not seal the container sufficiently so that thecontents of the container, i.e., the drug composition, might leak pastthe stopper.

WO 2018/157097 A1 teaches stoppers for pharmaceutical containers. Thestoppers have very large outer diameters relative to the containersinner diameter in order to achieve adequate sealing of the container.The stoppers taught in this prior art document have to be plasma treatedor autoclaved to achieve adequate break loose and glide forces whichincludes increased production costs. Further, the strong compressionneeded to set the stopper into the container increases the risk oftilting the stopper within the container so that production processesmay be interrupted.

What is needed in the art is pharmaceutical containers that overcomesome of the drawbacks of the prior art.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In some exemplary embodiments provided according to the invention, apharmaceutical container for drug delivery includes a barrel configuredto slidably receive a stopper. The stopper has a proximal end suitablefor contacting a plunger rod and a distal end suitable for contacting apharmaceutical composition. The stopper has a circumferential surfacepartially contacting an inner surface of the barrel. A surface roughnessof the inner surface of the barrel declines from the stopper's startposition to its end position by at least 3% of at least one of Raroughness or Rms roughness.

In some exemplary embodiments provided according to the invention, apharmaceutical container includes a barrel configured to slidablyreceive a stopper. The stopper has a proximal end suitable forcontacting a plunger rod and a distal end suitable for contacting apharmaceutical composition. The stopper has a circumferential surfacepartially contacting an inner surface of the barrel. The stopper has astart position SP, a middle position MP, and an end position EP withinthe barrel, the inner surface of the barrel having a surface roughnessand a surface roughness distribution such that the surface roughnessmeasured at the start position SP, the middle position MP, and the endposition EP is as follows: SP=100% of the surface roughness; MP=40% to60% of the surface roughness; and EP=20% to 35% of the surfaceroughness.

In some exemplary embodiments provided according to the invention, apharmaceutical container includes a barrel configured to slidablyreceive a stopper. The stopper has a proximal end suitable forcontacting a plunger rod and a distal end suitable for contacting apharmaceutical composition. The stopper has a circumferential surfacepartially contacting an inner surface of the barrel. The stopper has astart position SP, a middle position MP, and an end position EP withinthe barrel. The barrel is at least partially tapered such thatcompression of the stopper by the barrel increases as the stopper movesfrom the start position to the end position. The pharmaceuticalcontainer exhibits a total glide force variation TGFV=GF_(max)−GF_(min)measured when the stopper is moved from the start position to the endposition is TGFV<2 N.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The above-mentioned and other features and advantages of this invention,and the manner of attaining them, will become more apparent and theinvention will be better understood by reference to the followingdescription of embodiments of the invention taken in conjunction withthe accompanying drawings, wherein:

FIG. 1 illustrates a pharmaceutical container of the prior art;

FIG. 2 illustrates a stopper as used in the prior art;

FIG. 3A illustrates a stopper as used according to an exemplaryembodiment of the invention;

FIG. 3B illustrates a stopper as used according to an exemplaryembodiment of the invention;

FIG. 4 illustrates a pharmaceutical container comprising a stopperprovided according to an exemplary embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 5 illustrates a BLGF diagram for a pharmaceutical containerprovided according to the invention;

FIG. 6 illustrates a BLGF diagram for the pharmaceutical container ofFIG. 5 after 105 days of accelerated aging;

FIG. 7 illustrates a BLGF diagram for a pharmaceutical containerprovided according to the invention; and

FIG. 8 illustrates a BLGF diagram for the pharmaceutical container ofFIG. 7 after 105 days of accelerated aging.

Corresponding reference characters indicate corresponding partsthroughout the several views. The exemplifications set out hereinillustrate embodiments of the invention and such exemplifications arenot to be construed as limiting the scope of the invention in anymanner.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

In some embodiments, the invention relates to a pharmaceutical containerfor drug delivery including a barrel configured to slidably receive astopper. The stopper has a proximal end suitable for contacting aplunger rod, and a distal end suitable for contacting a pharmaceuticalcomposition, the stopper having a circumferential surface partiallycontacting an inner surface of the barrel. The surface roughness of theinner surface of the barrel declines from the stopper's start positionto its end position by at least 3% Ra and/or Rms.

In some embodiments, the invention relates to pharmaceutical containersfor drug delivery including a barrel and a stopper. The stopper isslidably arranged within the barrel. The stopper has a proximal endsuitable for contacting a plunger rod, and a distal end suitable forcontacting a pharmaceutical composition. The stopper has acircumferential surface partially contacting an inner surface of thebarrel. The stopper has one or more annular protrusions contacting theinner surface of the barrel when the stopper moves in distal direction,the annular protrusions each having a rising edge and a falling edge inproximal-distal direction. The proximal-distal direction is equivalentto the direction of a vector pointing from the proximal end to thedistal end. The rising edge of the most proximal annular protrusion andthe inner surface of the barrel span angle X in the distal direction,the falling edge of the most distal annular protrusion and the innersurface span an angle A in the proximal direction, and the ratio X/A maybe at least 1.05.

Surface Roughness

Surface roughness values can, for example, be controlled by adjustingthe temperature during injection molding. In some embodiments, the innersurface of the barrel may have a surface roughness Ra of less than 100nm. The surface roughness Ra indicated herein may be an average, or amaximum surface roughness. In some embodiments, the surface roughness Raof the inner surface of the barrel is less than 80 nm, less than 70 nm,less than 60 nm, less than 50 nm or less than 40 nm. The surfaceroughness Ra may be at least 1 nm, at least 3 nm or at least 7 nm.Exemplary ranges include surface roughness Ra values from 1 nm to 80 nm,from 3 nm to 70 nm, or from 7 nm to 50 nm.

Surface roughness can additionally or alternatively be given as Rmsroughness. In some embodiments, the inner surface of the barrel may havea surface roughness Rms of less than 150 nm. The surface roughness Rmsindicated herein may be an average, or a maximum surface roughness. Insome embodiments, the surface roughness Rms of the inner surface of thebarrel is less than 120 nm, such as less than 100 nm, less than 80 nm,less than 70 nm or less than 60 nm. The surface roughness Rms may be atleast 2 nm, such at least 5 nm or at least 8 nm. Exemplary rangesinclude surface roughness Ra values from 2 nm to 120 nm, from 5 nm to100 nm, or from 8 nm to 60 nm. Surface roughness influences thestopper's ability to move while contacting the barrel's inner surface.For example, the coefficient of friction may be very high, if surfaceroughness is very high.

The surface roughness of the inner surface of the barrel may declinefrom the stopper's start position to its end position by at least 3% Raand/or Rms relative to the roughness value at the start position. Insome embodiments, the surface roughness Ra declines from start to endposition of the stopper by at least 5%, at least 7%, at least 10%, atleast 20%, at least 30%, at least 40%, at least 50%, at least 60% or atleast 70%. The surface roughness Rms may decline from start to endposition of the stopper by at least 5%, at least 7%, at least 10%, atleast 20%, at least 30%, 40%, at least 50%, at least 60% or at least70%.

The stopper's start position is the position where the stopper islocated within the barrel before the container is used for drugdelivery. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical container is apre-filled syringe. In a pre-filled syringe the start position is thelocation of the stopper before use. This will usually be the mostproximal position of the stopper. The stopper's end position is theposition where the stopper is located after pushing the nominal volumeof the container out of the barrel, e.g., when the stopper touches thedistal end of the barrel. The stopper's start position may be locatedwithin a distance of up to 20% of the container's length from itsproximal end. The end position may be located within a distance of from80% to 100% of the container's length from its proximal end.

The inner surface of the barrel may have a surface roughnessdistribution such that the surface roughness measured at the startposition SP, a middle position MP, and an end position EP is as follows,wherein the middle position may be located halfway between start and endposition:

SP 100% MP 40 to 60% EP 20 to 35%.

Controlling the surface roughness may contribute to a very low TGFV.Surface roughness can be controlled by adjusting production parameterslike melt temperatures, molding times and polymer blends, or by surfacetreatment like coating or plasma treatment. The pharmaceuticalcontainers may be made by injection molding. Injection molding requiresthe container to be at least slightly conical, i.e., the inner diameterof the barrel will decrease from start to end position. Thus,compression of the stopper increases from start to end position so thatGF_(max) would increase and TGFV will increase as well. Within thisdescription, any reference to the “inner diameter” of the barrel meansthe maximum inner diameter of the barrel, unless otherwise indicated.

The described surface roughness distribution may be achieved, forexample, by positioning the injection nozzle closer to the end positionthan to the start position during injection molding so that the polymermelt temperature is higher at the end position than at the startposition during injection. Or the mold temperature may be influenced bysegmental heating and/or cooling to create a temperature gradient in thebarrel direction.

The surface roughness values can be measured using a white lightinterferometer according to DIN EN ISO 25178-2:2012, DIN EN ISO25178-6:2010 and DIN EN ISO 25178-604:2013-12 (together with DIN EN ISO4288:1998 and DIN EN ISO 3274:1998).

Break Loose Force to Glide Force Ratio

The container may exhibit a ratio of the break loose force (BLF)relative to the glide force (GF) of BLF/GF≤2 during a break loose andglide force (BLGF) test. It was found that controlling the ratio of BLFand GF is important because if the BLF is too high compared to GF, theuser of the container will have to push very hard to remove the stopperfrom its start position so that the stopper might be pushed too fast allthe way to the end position after the stopper breaks loose. Keeping theratio BLF/GF in a balanced range, will facilitate a controlled drugdelivery without unnecessary pain for the patient. Also, the risk ofleakage of the contents of the container will be smaller, if theacceleration of the stopper is limited after breaking loose. The ratioBLF/GF may be >1. It is an aspect of the invention to keep the BLF/GFratio essentially constant even after storage of the container duringadministration.

The total glide force variation TGFV=GF_(max)−GF_(min) measured when thestopper is moved from start position to its end position may be TGFV<2N. It is important to control TGFV because the difference betweenmaximum GF and minimum GF will strongly influence the user's ability todose the drug composition stored in the container adequately.

In some embodiments, the invention relates to pharmaceutical containersfor drug delivery, having a barrel configured to slidably receive astopper. The container exhibits a ratio of the BLF relative to the GF ofBLF/GF<2 during a BLGF test and the total glide force variationTGFV=GF_(max)−GF_(min) measured when the stopper is moved from startposition to its end position is TGFV<2 N. The stopper has a proximal endsuitable for contacting a plunger rod, a distal end suitable forcontacting a pharmaceutical composition, a circumferential surface atleast partially suitable for contacting the inner surface of the barrel,and one or more annular protrusions contacting the inner surface of thebarrel when the stopper moves in distal direction. The one or moreannular protrusions each have a rising edge and a falling edge in aproximal-distal direction. The stopper is further characterized in thatthe rising edge of a most proximal annular protrusion and the innersurface of the barrel span angle X in the distal direction, the fallingedge of the most distal annular protrusion and the inner surface span anangle A in the proximal direction, and the ratio X/A is at least 1.05.

The BLF, the GF and the BLGF can be measured according to the methoddescribed further herein as the BLGF test.

The Angles X, A and their Ratio X/A

The rising edge of the most proximal annular protrusion and the innersurface of the barrel span angle X which opens in the distal direction,the falling edge of the most distal annular protrusion and the innersurface span an angle A opening in the proximal direction. A “risingedge” in the context of the invention is an edge of an annularprotrusion that extends in the direction of the inner surface of thebarrel, when the stopper is inserted in the barrel, following thecircumferential surface of the stopper in proximal-distal direction. A“falling edge” is an edge of an annular protrusion that extends in thedirection towards the central longitudinal axis of the barrel, when thestopper is inserted in the barrel, following the circumferential surfaceof the stopper in proximal-distal direction.

In some embodiments, the ratio X/A is from >1.1 to 1.7. If the ratio ofX/A is at least 1.05, the BLGF values are improved. In some embodiments,the ratio X/A is at least 1.1, at least 1.15, at least 1.2 or at least1.25. The ratio may be limited to up to 1.7, up to 1.65, up to 1.6, upto 1.55, up to 1.5, or up to 1.45.

The angles X and/or A may be from >90° to <180°. In some embodiments, Ais from 130° to 170°. The minimum value of A may be at least 100°, atleast 110°, at least 120° or at least 130°. The upper limit of A may be170°, 160°, 150° or 140°. In some embodiments, X is from 131° to 175°.The minimum value of X may be at least 101°, at least 111°, at least121° or at least 131°. The upper limit of X may be 170°, 160°, 150° or140°.

Keeping the angles and their ratio within appropriate ranges willcontribute to solving the problem underlying the invention.Particularly, if angle X is too small, the ratio BLF/GF will increase.With the related angle ratio, the force inserted by a plunger rod needsto be distributed and shared inside the plunger towards the sealing lipsin a uniform and controlled way, which can be imagined by strength linesand the uncontrolled deformation of the plunger can be avoided by thementioned ratio of the design angles.

Annular Protrusions

The stopper may have at least two annular protrusions. In someembodiments, the stopper has from one to five annular protrusions, suchas from two to four annular protrusion. In some embodiments, the stoppermay have one, two, three, four or five annular protrusions. Annularprotrusions are useful for closing the juncture between inner surface ofthe barrel and the stopper's circumferential surface. The stopper'sdiameter is greater at the annular protrusions than the average diameterof the stopper. The annular protrusions contact the inner surface of thebarrel when the stopper is moved in distal direction, e.g., when thestopper is used to push the contents of the pharmaceutical container outof the container. The surfaces of the annular protrusions form part ofthe circumferential surface of the stopper.

At least one, and in some embodiments all, of the annular protrusionsmay have a diameter that exceeds the inner diameter of the barrel. Thediameter of at least one or all of the annular protrusions exceed theinner diameter of the barrel by at least 0.05 mm, or at least 0.1 mm, orat least 0.15 mm. The outer diameter of the annular protrusion may beequivalent to the outer diameter of the stopper. The diameter ismeasured perpendicular to the barrel's longitudinal axis.

Stopper

The stopper has a body having at least one annular protrusion, and acircumferential surface. The “circumferential surface” is the surface ofthe stopper that faces towards the inner surface of the barrel when thestopper is disposed in the barrel. The circumferential surface includesthe surface of annular protrusions. If the stopper is coated, thesurface of the coating that faces the inner surface of the barrel ispart of or constitutes the circumferential surface. The “contactsurface” is the part of the circumferential surface that touches theinner surface of the barrel when the stopper is inserted in the barrel.

An “annular protrusion” is a portion of the stopper that has a greaterthan average diameter, measured perpendicular to the longitudinal axisof the barrel. The annular protrusions touch the inner surface of thebarrel so as to seal the junction between stopper and barrel. Anyportion of the stopper having a greater than average diameter, but nottouching the inner surface of the barrel to an extent of at least 80%,90%, 99.9% or 100% during movement of the stopper in distal direction isnot considered an “annular protrusion”. Annular protrusions help keepingthe stopper in the intended position within the barrel, stabilize itsorientation in the proximal-distal direction, and thereby influence theBLF and GF values of the container. Further, the annular protrusionsseal the junction between stopper and inner surface of the barrel.

The stopper may optionally feature one or more trailing ribs. A“trailing rib” is a portion of the stopper that has a greater thanaverage diameter, measured perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of thebarrel. However, the trailing rib has a smaller diameter than an annularprotrusion so that it does not touch the barrel's inner surface to asignificant extent, when the stopper is moved in the proximal-distaldirection. Such trailing ribs may serve the purpose of stabilizing thestoppers orientation within the barrel, without effectively sealing thejunction between stopper and inner surface. Trailing ribs do usually notsignificantly influence BLF and GF because their contact with the innersurface is limited, if any.

The stopper may be coated with a coating. The coating may be a polymer.In some embodiments, the coating comprises a resin, such as afluorinated polymer such as a polymer selected from the group consistingof polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), densified expandedpolytetrafluoroethylene (ePTFE), tetrafluoroethylene (TFE),tetrafluoroethylene-perfluoroethylene copolymer,tetrafluoroethylene-hexafluoropropylene copolymer,tetrafluoroethylene-ethylene copolymer, trichlorotrifluoroethylene,poly-vinylidene fluoride, polyvinyl fluoride, perfluoropropylvinylether,perfluoroalkoxy polymers, as well as copolymers, blends and combinationsthereof. The coating may also be formed by layers comprisingpolyethylene, polypropylene, polyparaxylxylene, polylactic acid, as wellas copolymers, blends and combinations thereof. A PTFE coating is anexemplary coating option. These coatings reduce the coefficient offriction of the stopper's circumferential surface on the inner surfaceof the barrel. In some embodiments, at least the parts of the stopper'scircumferential surface that are supposed to be in contact with thebarrel's inner surface will be coated.

The stopper may have an elastomeric body with an at least 10 MPa yieldstress measured according to ISO 527-2:2012(E) and/or a low coefficientof sliding friction below 0.23 against steel measured according to DINEN ISO 8295/2004-10. The stopper may be made of thermoplastic elastomersand/or rubbers, such as natural or synthetic rubbers. Suitable rubbermaterials may be selected from the group consisting of butyl rubbers,halogenated butyl rubbers, acrylonitrile-butadiene rubbers, isoprenerubbers, neoprene rubbers, butadiene rubbers, styrene-butadiene rubbers,ethylene-propylene rubbers, isoprene-isobutylene rubbers, nitrilerubbers, and combinations and mixtures thereof. Particularly, the bodyof the stopper may be made of the above-listed rubbers and/orthermoplastic elastomers.

The body may be coated with a resin as described previously. The coatingmay have a thickness of less than 1 mm, such as from 0.5 μm to 200 μm,from 10 μm to 125 μm, or from 30 to 100 μm. These thicknesses have beenproven to be easily applied and sufficient for the desired effect on thefriction.

The circumferential surface of the stopper may have a water contactangle of at least 100°, or even at least 110°. The circumferentialsurface of the stopper may be superhydrophobic. Using superhydrophobicstoppers in the containers provided according to the inventioncontributes to the beneficial BLGF values due to the low coefficient ofsliding friction in combination of a low adhesion disposition.

The pharmaceutical containers provided according to the invention allowfor excellent sealing between annular protrusions and inner surface ofthe barrel even at comparatively low compressions of the stopper. Thestopper compression (SC) can be calculated as follows. SC=(OD-ID)/OD,with OD denoting the stopper's outer diameter and ID denoting thebarrel's inner diameter. The stopper compression may be less than 0.1,less than 0.075, or even less than 0.05. Using a low stopper compressionallows for easy gliding of the stopper within the barrel thereby keepingTGFV very low and reducing BLF.

The circumferential surface of the stopper and the inner surface of thebarrel may at least partially contact each other in a contact area. Thecontact area is sometimes also referred to as the “sealing area.” Insome embodiments, the contact area will be at least 8 mm² and at most 48mm². The contact area may be 8-48 mm² or 10-40 mm², 15-30 mm², 16-24mm². In the case of plural annular protrusions, each protrusioncontributes to the contact area. A minimum contact area will be usefulto achieve sufficient sealing. If the contact area is too high, BLGFvalues may increase too much.

Pharmaceutical Container

The pharmaceutical container may be selected from a syringe, a cartridgeand a carpule.

The inner surface of the barrel may have a water contact angle of atleast 80°. High water contact angles indicate that the inner surface ishydrophobic. If the water contact angle exceeds 90°, the surface iscalled superhydrophobic. In some embodiments, the inner surface of thebarrel is superhydrophobic. Its water contact angle may be as high as atleast 95°, or at least 100°. In some embodiments, the inner surface ofthe barrels are not plasma treated and/or otherwisehydrophilicity-increased. A typical plasma-treated inner surface willhave a water contact angle significantly below 90°.

In some embodiments, the ratio of water contact angles between thestopper's circumferential surface θ_(C) and the barrel's inner surfaceθ_(I) is θ_(C)/θ_(I)>0.9. In some embodiments, θ_(C)/θ_(I) is from 0.9to 2, or from >1 to 1.5. In some embodiments, said ratio θ_(C)/θ_(I)is >1, >1.1 or >1.2. Controlling the water contact angle improves theBLGF properties. It was found that keeping the water contact angles ofstopper and inner surface of the barrel within certain ranges helpsachieving the desired properties.

The water contact angle can be measured according to DIN55660-2:2011-12, chapter 5.2.2. using a static method with a drop volumeof 2 μl.

The inner surface of the barrel may have a surface energy of less than45 mN/m, or less than 40 mN/m. In some embodiments, the surface energyof the inner surface is higher than the surface energy of thecircumferential surface of the stopper. The surface energy can bemeasured indirectly by calculating the value with theOwens-Wendt-Rabel-Kaelble (OWRK) method from contact angle measurementsaccording to DIN 55660-2:2011-12, chapter 6.2.

The pharmaceutical container may be essentially lubricant-free.“Lubricant-free” means that the amount of lubricant per container isless than 100 μm, less than 30 μg, or even less than 10 μg. Theabove-mentioned limits may particularly apply to silicone as alubricant.

The pharmaceutical container and/or the barrel may be partially orentirely made of a material suitable for pharmaceutical primarypackaging. Suitable material includes glass or polymers. The polymersmay be amorphous polymers. Transparent polymers are exemplary polymers.Suitable polymers may be selected from the group comprising cyclicolefin copolymers (COC), cyclic olefin polymers (COP), polyethyleneterephthalate (PET), polycarbonate (PC), polypropylene (PP), andmethylmethacrylate acrylonitrile butadiene styrene polymer (MABS). Thesepolymers have the advantage of low density, high transparency, lowbirefringence, extremely low water absorption, excellent water vaporbarrier properties, high rigidity, strength and hardness, excellentbiocompatibility, very good resistance to acids and alkalis, and verygood melt processability.

The barrel and/or the pharmaceutical container may be made of polymer.In some embodiments, a polymer is chosen that has low density comparedto glass, such as a density of from 0.9 to 1.2 g/cm³, such as >1 to 1.1g/cm³. Transport costs can be reduced if low density material is used.The density may be determined using the method described in ISO1183-1:2013-04.

For long term storage, a material may be used for the barrel that has awater vapor permeability of less than 0.1 g*mm/m²*d, such as less than0.07 g*mm/m²*d or even less than 0.05 g*mm/m²*d. Water vaporpermeability may be tested using the method described in ISO15106-3:2003.

In order for the BLF and GF to remain sufficiently constant over atemperature range relevant for biological active agents, such as from 4°C. to 25° C., the coefficient of linear thermal expansion (CTE) of thematerial used for the barrel may be within a range of from 0.3 to0.8*10⁻⁴ K⁻¹, or from 0.4 to 0.7*10⁻⁴ K⁻¹, or from 0.3 to 0.8*10⁻⁴ K⁻¹.In some embodiments, the ratio of the CTE of the material of the stopperand the material of the barrel, CTEs/CTEB, is less than 7, such as lessthan 6 or at most 5. If this ratio is too high, the stopper willcontract significantly, when cooling the container to e.g., 4° C. in arefrigerator. This might cause leakage.

Exemplary embodiments provided according to the invention offer a largefreedom of design because the effects of the invention may even beachieved by uncoated barrels. Hence, the inner surface of the barrel maybe uncoated.

The barrel has an inner diameter ID measured perpendicular to thecontainer's longitudinal axis. The inner diameter ID may range from 3 mmto 40 mm, such as from 4 mm to 20 mm. The inner diameter will generallybe larger for larger barrel volumes. Larger diameters often correspondto greater BLF and GF values because of increased contact areas of thestopper's circumferential surface and the barrel's inner surface.

The wall of the barrel may be made of a transparent material. Thetransparent material may have a minimum transmission of at least 60%within a wavelength interval of at least 100 nm width within thewavelength range of 400 to 700 nm, measured at a thickness of thematerial of 1 mm. In some embodiments, the minimum transmission is atleast 70%.

The material of the barrel wall may have a refractive index of from 1.5to 1.6 and/or a diffraction characterized by an Abbe number of from 50to 60. Using a material with adequate refractive index is useful toallow for good visual inspection of the contents of the pharmaceuticalcomposition. The pharmaceutical container provided according to theinvention is suitable for administering parenteral drug compositions sothat visual inspection of the container for impurities, precipitation,crystallization, and particles is of utmost importance.

The wall thickness of the barrel may be from 1 mm to 2.5 mm or from 1.2mm to 2 mm or from 1.3 mm to 1.9 mm.

Liquid Composition

The invention also relates to liquid compositions for use in a methodfor treatment of the human or animal body by surgery or therapy, and/orfor use in a diagnostic method practiced on the human or animal body.The liquid composition may be liquid and/or sterile. The pharmaceuticalcontainer may contain the liquid composition within the barrel.

The composition comprises at least one pharmaceutically activeingredient. “Pharmaceutically active ingredients” include therapeuticand/or diagnostic active ingredients.

The method includes administering to a subject an effective amount ofsaid pharmaceutically active ingredient using the pharmaceuticalcontainer provided according to the invention.

The pharmaceutically active ingredient may be a peptide or protein, suchas an antibody, an enzyme, a vaccine, a receptor or the like. Thepharmaceutical container provided according to the invention isparticularly suitable for administering biological active ingredients,such as peptides or proteins, since the container is very tolerant totemperature changes in terms of BLGF. This means that the BLGF does notvary significantly within a temperature range of from 4° C. to 25° C.This is relevant because biological agents will usually be stored in arefrigerator so as to increase the shelf life of the product.

In some embodiments, the pharmaceutically active ingredient is an immuneinhibitory or anti-cancer agent. The active ingredient may be an immunecheckpoint inhibitor or a TNFα antibody.

The pharmaceutical container may be combined with an injection device.The injection device may be attached to the container at the containersdistal opening. The injection device may be a needle. The pharmaceuticalcontainer may be part of an auto-injector.

Break Loose and Glide Force

The pharmaceutical containers provided according to the invention mayexhibit a maximum BLGF of not more than 12 N during a BLGF test. In someembodiments, the maximum BLGF may be limited to 9 N, 8 N, 7 N, 6 N, 5 Nor even 4 N. The BLF may be at least 0.1 N or at least 0.5 N so as toavoid any unintended movement of the stopper.

In some embodiments, the maximum BLGF may correlate to the innerdiameter of the barrel. In some embodiments, the ratio of maximum BLGFand the barrel's inner diameter ID is BLGF/ID<1 N/mm. BLGF/ID may be atleast 0.5 N/mm, or at least 0.6 N/mm. In some embodiments, BLGF/ID maybe limited to <0.95 N/mm, <0.9 N/mm, <0.85 N/mm or <0.8 N/mm.

The container exhibits a ratio of the BLF relative to the GF of BLF/GF<2during a BLGF test. In some embodiments, the ratio of the BLF relativeto the GF is characterized by BLF/GF<3 even after accelerated aging for105 days. In some embodiments, the ratio BLF/GF is <2, <1.8, <1.7, oreven <1.5 for the containers provided according to the invention. Insome embodiments, the ratio BLF/GF may be <2, <1.8, <1.7, or even <1.5for the containers provided according to the invention after acceleratedaging for 105 days. In some embodiments, the relative difference in theratios BLF/GF of aged containers (accelerated aging 105 d), and non-agedcontainers (BLF/GF_(105a)−BLF/GF_(0d))/BLF/GF_(105a) is less than 10%,such as less than 5%.

The total glide force variation TGFV=GF_(max)−GF_(min) measured when thestopper is moved from start position to its end position may be TGFV<2N, <1.8 N or even <1.6 N. In some embodiments, the relative differencein the TGFV of aged containers (accelerated aging 105 d), and non-agedcontainers (TGFV_(105d)−TGFV_(0d))/TGFV_(105a) is less than 40%, such asless than 35%.

The mean values of BLF and GF may be calculated using at least 12containers, such as at least 15 containers. The mean BLF of thepharmaceutical containers of the invention may be <9 N, <8 N, <7 N, <6N, <5 N, <4 N, <3 N, or even <2 N. The mean GF of the pharmaceuticalcontainers provided according to the invention may be <9 N, <8 N, <7 N,<6 N, <5 N, <4 N, <3 N, or even <2 N. In some embodiments, the relativedifference in the BLF of aged containers (accelerated aging 105 d), andnon-aged containers (BLF_(105d)−BLF_(0d))/BLF_(105a) is less than 25%,<20%, <15%, <10% or even <5%. The relative difference in the GF of agedcontainers (accelerated aging 105 d), and non-aged containers(GF_(105a)−GF_(0d))/GF_(105a) is less than 25%, <20%, <15%, <10% or even<5%.

Keeping the BLF and GF values within the ranges disclosed hereincontributes to a sufficiently constant elution of liquid compositionfrom the container during application. Particularly, if the BLF is muchhigher than the GF a large bolus may be eluted when the stopper breaksloose from the inner surface of the barrel. Also, if the GF is notsufficiently constant, the elution rate of liquid composition may vary.

“Accelerated aging” refers to an aging process where the respectivecontainers are stored at 40° C. and 75% relative humidity. For example,some containers may be stored at these conditions for 105 days forcomparison. Accelerated aging can be performed to estimate the influenceof aging on the properties of the pharmaceutical containers providedaccording to the invention.

Break Loose and Glide Force Test

The BLGF test is conducted on a universal testing machine at roomtemperature, e.g., 23° C. A BLGF testing device with a 50 N test cup isused for this purpose. The samples were fixed in vertical orientation ina universal testing machine model 106, 2 kN from TesT AG, CH-6331Hünenberg, Switzerland.

For this test, plungers with flat ends, i.e., without any threads areused.

The BLF is the force needed to move the stopper from its originalposition. The GF is the force needed to keep the plunger moving afterbreaking it loose.

The pharmaceutical containers are filled with water for injection. Afterfilling the specimens, they are either stored or tested immediately,depending on the test purpose. The specimens are tested without needles.

The specimens are inserted into the holder and the pressure stamp ismoved towards the plunger at a rate of 20 mm/min. Once a force of 0.25 Nis measured, the machine switches to the test rate of 100 mm/min andstarts recording the data. The experiment ends when the measured forceexceeds 35 N, which is usually the case when the distal end of thebarrel is reached.

The BLF is the highest force measured within the first 4 mm of stoppermovement. The mean and maximum GF values are measured within a testrange starting after 4 mm of movement and ending 10 mm before reachingthe distal end of the barrel.

Referring now to the drawings, FIG. 1 shows a pharmaceutical container1. The pharmaceutical container comprises a barrel 2 and a stopper 3.The stopper 3 is slidably arranged within the barrel 2. The stopper 3has a circumferential surface 4 partially contacting the inner surface 5of the barrel 2. The stopper 3 is connected to a plunger rod 6. Thepharmaceutical container further features a flange 7. At its distal endthe container has threads 8 for mounting an injection device (not shown)or a cap 9. The pharmaceutical container may contain a liquidcomposition 10. The liquid composition 10 can be forced out of thebarrel 2 by operation of the plunger rod 6. Pushing the plunger rod 6into the barrel 2 will move stopper 3 in the direction of outlet 11. Thestopper's distal end may have conical shape which may fit the shape ofthe barrel in the area of outlet 11. Throughout this description,“proximal” will be used to describe a location closer to the flange 7,whereas “distal” will be used to denote a location closer to the outlet11.

FIG. 2 shows a stopper 3 of the prior art. The stopper has a coating 11that covers the stopper's body 13. The stopper also has annularprotrusions 12 where the stopper's outer diameter is larger than theaverage outer diameter. The stopper shown in this figure has two annularprotrusions having rising and falling edges. The rising edge 15 of themost proximal annular protrusion and the falling edge 16 of the mostdistal annular protrusion span the same angles (X/A=1) with an innersurface of a barrel (not shown). The stopper also has a trailing rib 14.The stopper has a smaller outer diameter in the location of the trailingrib 14 compared to the outer diameter in the location of the annularprotrusions 12. When the stopper is moved within a barrel (not shown) indistal direction, the trailing rib 14 will not touch the inner surfaceof the barrel. Therefore, it is not considered an annular protrusionaccording to the invention as it cannot influence break loose and glideforces.

FIG. 3A shows a stopper 3 provided in accordance with the invention. Thestopper has two annular protrusions 12, wherein the rising edge 15 ofthe most proximal annular protrusion and an inner surface of the barrel(not shown) will span angle X in the distal direction, and the fallingedge 16 of the most distal annular protrusion and the inner surface spanangle A in the proximal direction, when this stopper is disposed in abarrel of the pharmaceutical container. The ratio X/A is at least 1.05.The stopper body 13 comprises a receptacle 17 with threads for insertionof a plunger rod (not shown).

FIG. 3B shows a stopper 3 provided in accordance with an exemplaryembodiment of the invention. The stopper has three annular protrusions12, wherein the rising edge 15 of the most proximal annular protrusionand an inner surface of the barrel (not shown) will span angle X in thedistal direction, and the falling edge 16 of the most distal annularprotrusion and the inner surface span angle A in the proximal direction,when this stopper is disposed in a barrel of the pharmaceuticalcontainer. The ratio X/A is at least 1.05.

FIG. 4 shows a pharmaceutical container 1 provided in accordance with anexemplary embodiment of the invention. The pharmaceutical container hasan inner surface 5 and a stopper 3 being slidably arranged within thebarrel 2. The stopper has two annual protrusions 12, wherein rising edge15 of the most proximal annular protrusion and inner surface 5 of barrel2 span angle X in the distal direction, and falling edge 16 of the mostdistal annular protrusion and inner surface 5 span angle A in theproximal direction. The ratio X/A is at least 1.05. The figure alsoshows outlet 11.

Examples

Tests were performed using pharmaceutical containers of 1 ml volumehaving an inner diameter (ID) of 6.5 mm with stoppers 1 to 3.Comparative stopper 4, which is an example of a stopper from WO2018/157097 A1, was tested in containers having an inner diameter of6.35 mm. All containers used for the tests had uncoated inner surfaces.Stoppers having different outer diameters (OD) were examined. The numberof annular protrusions (AP) is given in the table.

The containers to be tested were filled with water for injection ordemineralized water. They were fixed in vertical orientation in auniversal testing machine model 106, 2 kN from TesT AG, CH-6331Hünenberg, Switzerland. The universal testing machine pushed thestoppers with a speed of 20 mm/min into the containers until an initialforce of 0.25 N is reached. Thereafter, the stoppers are pushed with atest speed of 100 mm/min into the containers and the force is recordeduntil a shut-off value of 35 N is reached.

TABLE 1 Stoppers # OD [mm] SC* AP X/A Stopper 1 6.65 2.3% 2 >1.05Stopper 2 6.8 4.4% 3 >1.05 Stopper 3 6.9 5.8% 3 >1.05 Stopper 4 7.414.4% 2 =1.00 *The stopper compression (SC) was calculated as follows:SC = (OD − ID)/OD.

TABLE 2 BLGF Tests # BLF [N] avg. GF [N] TGFV BLF/GF Stopper 1 1.9 1.50.6 1.2  Stopper 2 2.2 1.9 1.5 1.16 Stopper 3 ./. ./. ./. ./. Stopper 49.6 6.6 ./. 1.45

The results for stopper 1 are illustrated in FIG. 5. FIG. 6 shows that,even after accelerated aging, the values are still excellent.

The results for stopper 2 are illustrated in FIG. 7. FIG. 8 shows that,even after accelerated aging, the values are still excellent.

Roughness Values

Surface roughness values were obtained of the inner surfaces of thebarrels used in examples 1 to 3. The results are given in the followingtable. All the barrels were uncoated.

Barrel location Rms [nm] Ra [nm] proximal 79 62 middle 40 27 distal 1914

The surface roughness values were measured with a white lightinterferometer according to DIN EN ISO 25178-2:2012, DIN EN ISO25178-6:2010 and DIN EN ISO 25178-604:2013-12 (together with DIN EN ISO4288:1998 and DIN EN ISO 3274:1998).

Dye Ingress Test

A dye ingress test was performed for a set of 15 aged and 15 non-agedsamples. The test conditions were as follows.

Preparation of the Test Samples

The syringes to be tested are filled with water up to the nominal volumeafter their tips have been closed. Then the plunger stoppers arecarefully inserted leaving 2-5 mm of air in the syringes. Syringeshaving already liquid between the sealing protrusions are to bediscarded from the test.

Test Procedure

A desiccator is filled with fluorescein sodium salt solution and theprepared syringes are placed into the solution. Then the syringes arecovered with a perforated lid in order to ascertain full immersion ofthe syringes in the solution. Thereafter, the desiccator is closed andconnected to a vacuum pump (e.g. a type PC2001 Vario [brand no.29951114-299512] from Vacuubrand GmbH & Co. KG, CH-8484 Theilingen,Switzerland). The desiccator is held for 30 min at a pressure of 270mbar below atmospheric pressure. Thereafter, the desiccator is vented toatmospheric pressure and the syringes are left for another 30 min in thesolution. Finally, the syringes are removed from the solution, carefullyrinsed with water, dried with a lint free cloth, and inspected visuallyunder UV light. The result of the visual inspection is recorded aspassed or not passed. In case of failure, the position of the leakage isalso documented.

non-aged (0 d) aged (105 d) Stopper 1 passed passed Stopper 2 passedpassed

The results show that the pharmaceutical containers provided accordingto the invention provide for a tight seal of stopper and inner surfaceof the barrel even after accelerated aging for 105 days.

Axial Compression

An axial compression test was performed for a set of 15 aged and 15non-aged samples. The test conditions were as follows. The syringes tobe tested were filled with water, closed and fixed in verticalorientation in a universal testing machine model 106, 2 kN from TesT AG,CH-6331 Hünenberg, Switzerland. With the universal testing machine apressure of 2.5 bar was exerted for 30 s on the plungers. Thereafter thesyringes were visually inspected for water droplets having formedbetween the sealing protrusions and the results were recorded as passedor not passed.

non-aged (0 d) aged (105 d) Stopper 1 passed passed Stopper 2 passedpassed

The results show that the pharmaceutical containers provided accordingto the invention pass the axial compression test even after acceleratedaging for 105 days.

While this invention has been described with respect to at least oneembodiment, the present invention can be further modified within thespirit and scope of this disclosure. This application is thereforeintended to cover any variations, uses, or adaptations of the inventionusing its general principles. Further, this application is intended tocover such departures from the present disclosure as come within knownor customary practice in the art to which this invention pertains andwhich fall within the limits of the appended claims.

What is claimed is:
 1. A pharmaceutical container for drug delivery,comprising: a barrel configured to slidably receive a stopper, thestopper having a proximal end suitable for contacting a plunger rod anda distal end suitable for contacting a pharmaceutical composition, thestopper having a circumferential surface partially contacting an innersurface of the barrel, a surface roughness of the inner surface of thebarrel declines from the stopper's start position to its end position byat least 3% of at least one of Ra roughness or Rms roughness.
 2. Thepharmaceutical container of claim 1, wherein the inner surface of thebarrel has a water contact angle of at least 80°.
 3. The pharmaceuticalcontainer of claim 1, wherein the pharmaceutical container exhibits aratio of a break loose force (BLF) relative to a glide force (GF) ofBLF/GF≤2 during a break loose and glide force test and wherein a totalglide force variation TGFV=GF_(max)−GF_(min) measured when the stopperis moved from a start position to its end position is TGFV<2 N.
 4. Thepharmaceutical container of claim 3, wherein the ratio of the breakloose force BLF relative to the glide force GF is characterized byBLF/GF<3 after accelerated aging for 105 days.
 5. The pharmaceuticalcontainer of claim 1, wherein the stopper has one or more annularprotrusions contacting the inner surface of the barrel when the stoppermoves in a distal direction, the annular protrusions each have a risingedge and a falling edge in a proximal-distal direction, the rising edgeof a most proximal annular protrusion and the inner surface of thebarrel span angle X in the distal direction, the falling edge of a mostdistal annular protrusion and the inner surface span an angle A in aproximal direction, and the ratio X/A is at least 1.05.
 6. Thepharmaceutical container of claim 5, wherein at least one of: the ratioX/A is from >1.1 to 1.7; or A is from 130° to 170°.
 7. Thepharmaceutical container of claim 1, wherein the stopper has at leasttwo annular protrusions.
 8. The pharmaceutical container of claim 1,wherein the inner surface of the barrel has at least one of: a surfaceroughness Ra of less than 100 nm; a surface roughness Rms of less than150 nm; a surface energy of less than 45 mN/m; or a silicone content ofless than 100 μg per barrel.
 9. The pharmaceutical container of claim 1,wherein the stopper is coated with a polymer selected from the groupconsisting of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), densified expandedpolytetrafluoroethylene (ePTFE), tetrafluoroethylene (TFE),tetrafluoroethylene-perfluoroethylene copolymer,tetrafluoroethylene-hexafluoropropylene copolymer,tetrafluoroethylene-ethylene copolymer, trichlorotrifluoroethylene,poly-vinylidene fluoride, polyvinyl fluoride, perfluoropropylvinylether,and perfluoroalkoxy polymers, as well as copolymers, blends andcombinations thereof.
 10. The pharmaceutical container of claim 1,wherein the pharmaceutical container is selected from the groupconsisting of a syringe, a cartridge and a carpule.
 11. Thepharmaceutical container of claim 1, wherein the barrel is partially orentirely made of glass or a polymer.
 12. The pharmaceutical container ofclaim 1, wherein the pharmaceutical container exhibits a maximum breakloose and glide force of not more than 12 N during a break loose andglide force test.
 13. The pharmaceutical container of claim 1, whereinthe inner surface of the barrel is uncoated or coated.
 14. Thepharmaceutical container of claim 1, wherein the inner surface of thebarrel has a water contact angle of at least 85°.
 15. The pharmaceuticalcontainer of claim 1, further comprising a liquid composition containedin the barrel.
 16. The pharmaceutical container of claim 15, wherein theliquid composition comprises an active ingredient comprising at leastone of a peptide, a protein, an antibody, an enzyme, a vaccine, areceptor, an immune inhibitory agent, an anti-cancer agent, an immunecheckpoint inhibitor, or a TNFα antibody.
 17. The pharmaceuticalcontainer of claim 1, wherein the pharmaceutical container is combinedwith an injection device.
 18. The pharmaceutical container of claim 1,further comprising the stopper slidably received in the barrel.
 19. Apharmaceutical container, comprising: a barrel configured to slidablyreceive a stopper, the stopper having a proximal end suitable forcontacting a plunger rod and a distal end suitable for contacting apharmaceutical composition, the stopper having a circumferential surfacepartially contacting an inner surface of the barrel, the stopper havinga start position SP, a middle position MP, and an end position EP withinthe barrel, the inner surface of the barrel having a surface roughnessand a surface roughness distribution such that the surface roughnessmeasured at the start position SP, the middle position MP, and the endposition EP is as follows: SP 100% of the surface roughness; MP 40% to60% of the surface roughness; and EP 20% to 35% of the surfaceroughness.
 20. A pharmaceutical container, comprising: a barrelconfigured to slidably receive a stopper, the stopper having a proximalend suitable for contacting a plunger rod and a distal end suitable forcontacting a pharmaceutical composition, the stopper having acircumferential surface partially contacting an inner surface of thebarrel, the stopper having a start position SP, a middle position MP,and an end position EP within the barrel, the barrel being at leastpartially tapered such that compression of the stopper by the barrelincreases as the stopper moves from the start position to the endposition, the pharmaceutical container exhibiting a total glide forcevariation TGFV=GF_(max)−GF_(min) measured when the stopper is moved fromthe start position to the end position that is TGFV<2 N.